Complete 18s ribosomal rna sequence data from representatives of all extant pteridophyte lineages together with rna sequences from different seed plants were used to infer a molecular phylogeny of vascular plants that included all major land plant lineages. Molecular evolution of pteridophytes and their relationship. We now turn to a consideration of the vascular system of the modern ferns, and in tracing its various modifications two alternatives are open to us. A few pteridophytes are aquatic while still others are epiphytes. Pteridophytes ferns and lycophytes are freesporing vascular plants that have a life cycle with alternating, freeliving gametophyte and sporophyte phases that are independent at maturity. Various animals use the fronds as food while birds and small creatures use the plants for cover. Such a sorus is an aggregation of old and young sporangia that occur mixed and show no regular arrangement in a sorus. Among green plant lineages, none are as speciesrich as vascular plants tracheophytes.
Occurence most of the pteridophytes are terrestrial and grow in moist and shady places while some flourish well in open, dry places especially in xeric conditions selaginella lepidophylla. Jan 23, 2017 occurence most of the pteridophytes are terrestrial and grow in moist and shady places while some flourish well in open, dry places especially in xeric conditions selaginella lepidophylla. Besides having various medicinal properties, the pteridophytes are also employed for a variety of commercial and environmental purposes. The most characteristic feature of the pteridophytes is the presence. A concept based exclusive material pteridophytes, gymnosperms. The body of the sporophyte is well differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. Problems of cytology and evolution in the pteridophyta. The moderff ferns and anatomical evolution the hymbnophyllaceig. Pteridophytes constitute a significant and important group in the plant kingdom. The printed version, however, was effectively published on 6 june 20. Some other uses are ferns provide natural vegetation thats important to both wildlife and birds. The plant list includes a further 3,533 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the pteridophytes. The plant list includes 46,428 scientific plant names of species rank for the pteridophytes.
Pteridophytes ferns chapter pdf available february 2003. At that time, what is now temperate europe and north america had climate conditions that favored yearround growth. Difference between bryophytes pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Some pteridophytes of medicinal importance from rajasthan. The roots of the pteridophytes grow randomly or by chance and follow no specific pattern or system like the tap root of gymnosperms. Stelar theory also says that the cortex and the stele are the two fundamental. Like reptiles first true land animals that evolved after.
Stelar evolution in pteridophytes ppt types of steles and its evolution in pteridophytes ppt what is stele. The pteridophytes are an economically important group of plants. The appearance of true water and foodconducting tissues in pteridophytes represented an event of enormous consequences for the evolution of land plant sporophyte. The molecular data indicate that lycopsids are monophyletic and are the earliest diverging group within the vascular land. O proposed by van tieghem and douliot in 1886 o major highlights in stellar theory are. Life forms of pteridophyta, their origin and evolution. And among the first of the plants to truly live on land were the pteridophytes. Life cycles of lycopodium, selaginella, equisetum, adiantum and marsilea. The modern classification of pteridophytes have been suggested by many scientist according to the sporne1975 pteridophytes have been classified into six classes. Phytochemical studies in brazilian pteridophytes soeder 1985 reported a large inventory of papers that appeared between 1966 and 1984 on the chemical constituents of pteridophytes. Key difference bryophytes vs pteridophytes vs gymnosperms. Tissue cells are joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients through the plant body. International research botany group 2017 international.
The pteridophytes occupy the intermediate position in between the bryophytes on one hand and the phanerogams on the other. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes biology boom. The tap root grows down vertically into soil and other roots sprout from it in horizontal or nearly horizontal directions. Haeckel 1866 called these groups of plants as pteridophytes because of their pinnate or feather like fronds leaves. The more primitive ferns are called eusporangiate ferns and their sori are made up of a clump of simple sporangia that release their spores by opening up a pore or slit see first pic. Difference between pteridophytes and gymnosperms major. With the commencement of monsoon about mid june, the ferns and fernallies start growing vigourously and luxuriantly. Stelar theory, components of stele, different types of steles in plants, protostele. Pteridophytes article about pteridophytes by the free. Gymnosperms have a tap root while the pteridophytes do not. Tissues like pericycle, medullary rays and pith are also the components of stele. Another way you can look at sorus evolution is to consider the sporangia. Have female archegonia that produces eggs and male antheridia that produces sperm. Two hundred twentyfour pteridophyte taxa, including hy brids and naturalizations, are known in hawaii.
Although this particular topic is beyond the aims of the present paper, let us remember that these tissues conditioned all tracheophyte sporophyte evolution. Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. Some pteridophytes are aquatic marselia, azolla and some are epiphytes ophioglossum pendulum. This pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore effectively. Although bryophytes and pteridophytes have gametes tha depend on water for fertilization, the emergence of conducting vessels in this last group facilitated life in a terrestrial environment. Why are pteridophytes better adapted to dry land than bryophytes. Most pteridophytes are terrestrial plants and thrive well in abundant moisture and shade while some flourish well in open, dry situations especially in xeric conditions. Ferns belong to a group of plants called featherplants or pteridophytes, along with club mosses and horsetails. The molecular data indicate that lycopsids are monophyletic and are the earliest diverging group within the vascular land plants. Each of these can be divided into life forms according to a series of morphological and other characters. Pteridophytes pteridophytes is a general term for the vascular, free. The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. Similarities between bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms.
What is one evolutionary advantage pteridophytes have over. However, additional phylogenetic dilemmas are the evolution of bryophytes from algae and the transition from these first land plants to the pteridophytes. In the present article an attempt has been made to compile the information on various medicinal uses of sixteen commonly available pteridophytes of rajasthan. This pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore effectively published melbourne code, art. Medicinal potential of pteridophytesan antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive activity evaluation of methanolic extract of whole plants of christella dentata. The stele is a real entity and present universally in all axis of higher plants. Therefore pteridophytes are no longer considered to form a valid taxon, but the term is still used as an informal way to refer to ferns, horsetails, clubmosses and whisk ferns. Missouri botanical garden and washington university. Because they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. Pteridophytes as commonly defined have a longer evolutionary history with a fossil record of more than 400 million years. Characteristic of pteridophytes, shape size and habitat.
The different species of selaginella are grown as the garden plants. The primary components of stele are xylem and phloem. Pteridophytes general characters and life cycle of ferns email. The ferns are a large group included under pteridophytes. The current trends in the subject are explained in a simple, lucid and understandablewriting style. Heterospory the earliest land plants, as well as many living pteridophytes, were homosporous, meaning that their sporophytes produced haploid spores of a. Megaphylls, microphylls and the evolution of leaf development. They are psilopsida, psilotopsida, lycopsida, sphenopsida, pteropsida and progymnospermopsida. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Ferns are pteridophytes which a have leaf finely divided into small parts, proper roots and underground stems.
Pteridophytes have a vascular system, unlike bryophytes. Pteridophytes, also known as vascular cryptogams and ferns and fern allies, comprise about 12 000 species of vascular plants that do not produce. Pteridophytes introduction, authors and addresses, systematic list, glossary, and key to tribes. Difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes with. Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes with its origin and economic importance in pteridophyta is a group of ancient plants. Which of the following statements best describes the role of structure c in the nervous system. Bryophyte vs pteridophyte difference and comparison diffen. Incongruence between primary sequence data and the distribution of a mitochondrial atp1group ii intron among ferns and horsetails. Pteridophytes or ferns first appeared in the fossil record more than 350 million years ago. Firstly all the botanists divided the plant kingdom into two large groups cryptogamia and phanerogamia, linnaeus 1754 used the term cryptogams for the first time for those plants which did not possess visible sex organs. The kingdom plantae is one of the most widespread kingdoms with over 300,000 different species.
We might on the one hand take first the most primitive families, as judged by soral and sporangial. Phytochemical studies in pteridophytes growing in brazil. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. A few pteridophytes are aquatic while still others are. May 26, 2017 ferns are pteridophytes which a have leaf finely divided into small parts, proper roots and underground stems. Most of the pteridophytes ferns and fernallies show their luxuriant and vigorous growth during the rainy season particularly in the hilly regions usually above 1400 m altitude. Evolution of hawaiian ferns and fern allies in relation to.
Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms that are capable of photosynthesizing. The young and old sporangia are indiscriminately mixed. This author lists a total of 671 references, but only one work had been carried out in brazil miraglia et al. Stelar evolution of pteridophytes sporangial organization. Flowering plants are of two types gymnosperms and angiosperms which have common features like roots, stems, leaves, proper vascular tissues for transportation. In general, pteridophytes have a long fossil record and.
Pteridophytes ferns and fern allies the plant list. Oct 10, 2017 key difference bryophytes vs pteridophytes vs gymnosperms. Pteridophyta is designed to fulfill the needs of undergraduate and postgraduate students of botany. Featherplants are among the worlds most ancient plants, found as fossils in rocks 400 million years old. It is speculated that life began in the oceans, and through millions of years of evolution, life slowly adapted on to dry land. In many species, they are protected by an umbrellalike cover called the indusium. The empirical basis of botanical systematics has been broadened far beyond the realm of macromorphological traits on which systematists have based their decisions for more than 200 years. Examples of pteridophytes include ferns, horsetails, clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts. Stelar evolution of pteridophytes, sporangial organization homospory and heterospory. The next step in the evolution of the sorus is the mixed sorus mixtae.
A good portion of the image references used here tap fine image resources for nonflowering vascular plants. Coal is made largely of fossilized featherplants of the. Pteridophytes or pteridophyta are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores. Medicinal potential of pteridophytes an antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive activity evaluation of methanolic extract of whole plants of christella dentata. The following separation of the main growth forms of pteridophyta is proposed. Useful notes on the classification of pteridophytes. The origin and early evolution of plants on land pdf. Therefore pteridophytes are also called vascular cryptogams. Some pteridophytes are aquatic marselia, azolla and. Were pteridophytes always less abundant than phanerogamic plants. Structure c is the basic cellular unit of the nervous system b. During the past two decades, the discoveryof fossil spores from as far back as the midordovician. They formed the dominant part of the earths during palaeozoic and mesozoic periods on soral evolution.
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